ARBORETUM BULLETIN
Published by the Arboretum Foundation
for the University of Washington
Vol. 49, No. 2, Summer 1986
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STAFF
Harold B. Tukey, Jr.
Director of Arboreta
Brian O. Mulligan
Director Emeritus
Timothy Hohn
Curator, Plant Collections
J. A. Wott
Professor, Continuing
Education
OFFICERS OF THE
ARBORETUM FOUNDATION
Mrs. C. Edwards Simons, Jr.
President
Mr. Richard Doss
1st Vice-President
Mrs. David Taft
2nd Vice-President
Mr. Paul Thienes
3rd Vice-President
Dr. Alan Adams
4th Vice-President
Mrs. J. Newton Morris
Secretary
Mrs. Frank Thome
Treasurer
Col. Leroy P. Collins
Immediate Past-President
Margaret Kearns
Executive Secretary
BULLETIN EDITORIAL
BOARD
Nancy Pascoe
Editor
Nancy Ballard
James Clark
Col. Leroy P. Collins
Rosamund P. Engle
S.P. Gessel
Tina Kuhnle
B.J.D. Meeuse
Brian O. Mulligan
Jan Pirzio-Biroli
Ruth E. Vorobik
Concerning This Issue...
The Arboretum Bulletin has been launched into
the computer age. This is the first issue which has
been edited, type-set, and pasted-up entirely on a
computer. Please excuse the bugs - they will be
worked out by the fall issue. Computerization is part
of the process to increase the quality of the Bulletin
while simultaneously lowering costs.
Somewhat dichotomous to computers, this issue
contains an in-depth article about the venerable
bamboo. Daphne Lewis, famed local bamboo grower,
presents her second article on bamboo - this time
concentrating on those genera growing in Seattle.
Dr. Clement Hamilton has written an
introduction to world climate and the use of the Walter
climate diagram system. This is the first in a series
of articles which will explore particular geographic
regions and their plants as represented in the
Washington Park Arboretum.
The black & white photo winners of the
Arboretum Foundation Photography Contest grace the
center part of this issue. Perhaps in a future edition we
will be able to publish the winning color photos as
well.
The ARBORETUM BULLETIN is published quarterly, as a bonus of membership, by the Arboretum
Foundation, a non-profit organization to further the development of the Washington Park Arboretum. Information
regarding membership in the Foundation may be obtained by writing to the Arboretum Foundation, University of
Washington XD-10, Seattle, WA 98195 or by calling (206) 325-4510. Articles on botany and horticulturally-related
subjects written by professional and amateur botanists, horticulturists, educators and gardeners are welcome. No part of
the BULLETIN may be reprinted without the authority of the Arboretum Foundation. Typesetting and design by Nancy
Pascoe, lithography by United Graphics Printers.
©copyright 1986, Arboretum Foundation
UW Arboretum Bulletin
Washington Park
Arboretum Bulletin
VOLUME 49, NUMBER 2, SUMMER 1986
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Bamboo, Part II
Bamboos of Seattle
Photography Contest
World Climate -
A Treasure Chest Unlocked
Directors Report
Book Reviews
Dr. Roland Pinkham
Daphne Lewis 2
11
Dr. Clement Hamilton 16
Dr. Harold Tukey, Jr. 22
25
Carol Simons 27
COVER
"Bridge", by Allan
Durfy, winner of "People's
Choice Award", Arboretum
Foundation Photo Contest
Summer 1986 (49:2)
Semiarundinaria fatuosa
drawing by Sylvia Chesley Smith
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
An Introduction to Bamboo
Part II, Common Bamboos in Seattle
DAPHNE LEWIS
Daphne is a landscape designer specializing in gardens
that feature bamboo. Her business, the Bamboo Brokerage, buys,
sells, maintains, and installs bamboo.
Each year the American Bamboo
Society publishes its ’’Source List", an 8
page pamphlet which briefly discribes
all the bamboos available in the United
States and where they may be
obtained.1 The 1986 "Source List"
shows ten genera (73 species) of
bamboo that are hardy in Seattle. The
five genera that are common in Seattle
are Phyllostachys , Ar undinar ia,
Semiarundinaria , Sasa and Pseudosasa.
They can be collected by keeping one’s
eyes and ears open to locate them in a
friend or strangers' yard and then
getting permission to dig. One very
successful collector is a driver for
United Parcel Service who continually
discovers bamboo in customers' yards
and asks other drivers on different
routes to report their finds to him. The
best collection of bamboo is at the
Woodland Park Zoo - ask for a map of
the bamboos as you enter.
Common Bamboos in Seattle
Phyllostachys
P. aurea - Golden or Fishpole
P. aureosulcata - Yellow Groove
P. aureosulcata v. 'alata' - Alata
P.flexuosa - Flexuosa
P. nigra - Black
P. nigra v. f Henon - Henon
Arundinaria
A. argenteostriata - Argenteostriata
A. chino v. Vaginata variegta' -
Chino variegata
A. humilis
A. pygmaea - Pygmy bamboo
A. variegata - Dwarf Whitestripe
A. viridi- striata - Viridi- striata
lrThe "Source List No. 6, April, 1986" lists 23 sources, 12 of which will ship. It can be obtained free
of charge by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the American Bamboo Society, 1101 San
Leon Court, Solana Beach, Calif. 92075.
Summer 1986 (49:2)
3
fiamboo planting at Kirsten Gallery. A lovely little garden
in a busy commerical district. photo: Joy Spurr
Semiarundinaria
S.fastuosa - Fastuosa
Sasa
S. palmata - Palmata
S.veitchii - Veitchii
Pseudosasa
P. japonica - Arrow Bamboo
Phyllostachys
When one thinks of hardy bamboo,
one is normally thinking of
Phyllostachys , the timber bamboo of
Japan and China. This genus has a light
and feathery look because it has only
two branches at each node. This
characteristic makes it a beautiful plant
to look at and to look through.
Phyllostachys are running
bamboos, as are most genera of hardy
bamboos. They have the ability to
spread rapidly underground by rhizome
extention. In this respect they resemble
perennial bluegrass. The genus is easy
to distinguish from other genera of
running bamboos by two vegetative
characteristics; 1) branches are arranged
in pairs just above the node on alternate
sides of the culm. Sometimes there is a
small third branch between the two main
ones. Branches of other runners are
either single or three or more branches
at the node, and 2) a distinct groove
runs from node to node on alternate
sides of the culm above the branches.
Species of Phyllostachys can be mid-
to-giant in size. For example the most
common, P. aurea, or golden, is a mid-
sized bamboo that can grow as tall as 27
feet with a diameter of 1.75 inches. The
most common of the timber bamboos,
P. nigra 'Henon', can grow up to 54
feet tall with a diameter of 3.5 inches.
Culture
The species of Phyllostachys which
I mention in this article grow best in full
sun, although they will succeed on the
north side of a house or stand of trees.
The exception is black bamboo, P. nigra
, which does best when protected from
hot southwest sun.
They prefer continually moist, but
well-drained soil. However, I have
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
seen them thriving with their rhizomes
two inches above the surface of a stream
and also growing moderately well on
compacted, dry, clay soil. The plant is a
survivor.
To obtain a fast-growing grove,
with the largest diameter culms, it is
important to dig a deep bed, to enrich it
generously with organic matter rich in
nitrogen and to water it heavily all
summer long. For example, a small
start of Phyllostachys viva: t, a timber
bamboo, planted with copious chicken
manure dug into the bed and laid as
mulch on top, went from 3 shoots with
diameters of half an inch to 40 shoots of
2 inch diameters in three summers. I
have read in the Journal of the American
Bamboo Society that no one has ever
over-fertilized or over-watered bamboo,
provided the soil is drains well. Of
course once the bamboo is as big as the
owner desires, it makes sense to stop
watering and fertilizing.
Another cultural technique that
encourages large diameter culms is to
reduce the number of culms in a grove
because the plant produces fewer and
thinner diameter shoots when the culms
crowd each other. It is best to thin the
grove by cutting out, at the ground, the
old and small culms. If the culms still
crowd each other, thin the grove further
by cutting culms according to aesthetic
and practical considerations.
Phyllostachys is tall relative to its root
mass. A specimen that is 20 to 30 feet
tall can be transplanted because the
rootball will still be small enough so that
one person can carry the roots while
another is carrying the branches and
culm.
Uses In the Landscape
All of the species of Phyllostachys have
the following landscape uses:
* For a tall, slender screen between
the viewer and an unwanted view.
* To give an oriental or tropical
atmosphere to a garden.
*To "hide" street noise with the
bamboo's rustling leaves.
*To provide garden stakes and wood
for construction.
Phyllostachys aurea, golden bamboo.
drawing: Sylvia Chesley Smith
*To provide edible shoots for soups
and stir fry dishes.
*To form a fast growing, low-
maintenance, formal hedge. When
trimmed like a privet hedge,
Phyllostachys becomes dense and
leafy. Since it only shoots in May and
June, it needs less maintenance than
other formally pruned plants.
*To be an accent, or specimen plant.
*To form a grove to walk through, sit
in, or meditate under.
*To form a tall green background for
other plants.
*To control erosion: hold hillsides,
banks, etc.
P. aurea , Golden Bamboo or Fish
Pole Bamboo, 27’; 1.75";-5Q
Golden bamboo is the most common
in Seattle. Usually its culms are light
green. However like many
Phyllostachys , the culms can turn light
green or golden when exposed over time
to the sun. The leaves are always
greenexcept in rare varieties with white
and green variegated leaves.
Golden bamboo is readily identified
Summer 1986 (49:2)
5
Phyllostachys nigra, the mature black culms.
East of the Orangatan House, Woodland Park
Zoo. photo: Joy Spurr
by two distinctive characteristics of its
culms; 1) under each node beginning at
the sheath scar is a thickening of the
node, (to me it looks like a turtleneck
just under the node) and, 2) somewhere
on the culm, usually near the base,
there are shortened intemodes. These
shortened intemodes form a tortoise
shell pattern that can be quite stunning,
however not every culm has this
quality.
This species of bamboo withstands
root constriction relatively well and
therefore can be grown in pots and
small areas. It tends not to run in dry
compacted soil and to run less in Seattle
than in California. It can be confined to
one place (as can most bamboo) with a
barrier such as fiberglass set two feet
deep intot he soil.
Golden bamboo in Seattle is usually
under 15' tall and less than an inch in
diameter when grown without the
advantage of thinning, irrigation or
fertilizer. It survives neglect and poor
conditions. If you like it bigger then
Young green culms of Phyllostachys nigra
'negurochiku' . North of the Ogangatan House.
photo: Joy Spurr
thin it, give it loose soil with plenty of
room to spread, treat it with chicken
manure and copious water and stand
back-it will get big.
P . nigra , Black Bamboo, 30'; 2" 0, 0Q
Black bamboo is the stunning
bamboo with black culms and small
green leaves that is familiar to many
gardeners. I think it is a plant whose
beauty is evident close up, but which is
perhaps less effective from a distance
than the green culmed species. It has a
delicate beauty when grown with
slender culms spaced well apart. It is
majestic when 30 feet high with 2"
culms.
Thinning the culms is important
because it allows the plant to grow into
a grove insead of a thicket. It also
reduces the outward bending of the
perimeter culms which can arched out
significantly as a result of interior
branches pushing against them. Black
bamboo is more apt to show leaf
damage from winter winds and summer
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
drought than the other Phyllostachys
species.
The young culms are green and
turn black after more than a year so a
mature grove has a mixture of black and
green culms.
P . nigra v. 'Henon', Henon or Ha-
chiku,54'; 3 1/2M; 0QF
Henon, despite its species name, is
green. If you want a very tall, very
graceful, very beautiful bamboo, this is
it.
Henon's shoots are clothed in culm
leaves that have crinkled and purple
blades. (See drawing on
page 10.) The auricles and oral setae
are purple as well, and prominent.
Gardeners seeing the shoots sometimes
think it is a different bamboo altogether
because as the new shoot has matures,
the culm leaves fall off, and is an
elegant and fresh green, with white
powder around the nodes. It is rough to
the touch because there are small hairs
that later fall off.
A variety of Henon found only in
Seattle is meguro chiku. It has a black
or brown groove and is extremely rare
in Japan.
P . aureosulcata , Yellowgrove,
26’;1.5";-10Q
Yellow groove is one of the hardiest
Phyllostachys. It can be recognized
from a distance because some of the
culms will have a distinct crook at the
bottom. When the culms are bleached
light green from sun the yellow grooves
are not prominent, but on a fresh green
shoot the groove makes an attractive
alternating pattern of green and yellow.
Phyllostachys aureosalcata v. alata, in
section "O" at the Woodland Park Zoo.
photo: Joy Spun
green with many slender whitish stripes,
we realized that it was not Henon, but a
yellow groove without the yellow
coloration or distinctive crook at the
base.
P.flexuosa , Flexuosa,3T;2.75"; 0QF
The culms of this plant are
sometimes straight from node to node
but more typically are slightly zigzag
and sometimes are very zigzag. Hence
the name flexuosa. The plants I have
seen are beautifully graceful and very
green.
Arundinaria
P . aureosulcata v. alata* Alata, 30';
2”; -10Q
Members of the Pacific Northwest
Chapter of the American Bamboo
Society misidentified a stand of alata in
Seward Park as Henon because it was
so big. Clumps of it were laboriously
moved to the Zoo to a planting area
south of the primate house. A year later
when the shoots started coming up pale
Arundinaria species are hardy,
small-to-medium sized running
bamboos with slender culms which are
round in cross section. They have one
to numerous branches arising at the
node. The culm leaf is persistent. The
arundinarias that are common to Seattle
are small bamboos although there are
some large ones available. They spread
rapidly and are easily propagated.
Summer 1986 (49:2)
7
Culture
The small arundinarias are native to
China and Japan. They grow well in
light shade but if given too much they
can become leggy and have oversized
leaves. They are not particular as to soil
and are vigorous, aggressive spreaders.
Many of these are more attractive if
mowed down once a year to encourage
new, thick leaves.
Uses in the Landscape
Plant them in pots for their colorful
evergreen foliage. Bonsai them as
miniature bamboo groves. Contain
them in the ground to use as specimens
or grow them uncontained to form
colorful masses that can help to control
erosion. They cover the ground and
contol weeds more rapidly than does
juniper and maintain their good looks
through more of the year than do
orchard grasses (and unlike ivy they do
not climb).
AArgenteostriata , 3’; .25"; 10QF
This Arundinaria is striking as a
specimen. The narrow leaves are green-
striped with white and are hairless on
both surfaces.
A. Chino v. 'vaginata
variegata’, 6'; .5"; 10QF
A slow spreader, A.C.v. Vaginata
varigata’ has white and green- striped
leaves that are narrow and form an
active pattern.
A. humilis , 4’;. 18”; 0QF,
3/4" x 8" leaves.
A. humilis has attractive dark green
leaves. It is an aggressive spreader.
Use it as a groundcover for large areas
and to control erosion.
A. pygmaea 2 ;.18";10QF
This species has small, two ranked
leaves that are hairy on the underside.
Other small bamboos are often sold
under this name. Use it as
groundcover or in containers. This
plant can be mowed to remain at a few
inches in height and creates a striking
dark green groundcover, especially
when used under timber bamboo that
has been pruned so each culm is 3 or
more feet apart.
A. variegata , Dwarf White Stripe
Bamboo, 4’; .25"; -10QF
This handsome Japanese bamboo
usually has a single branch at the node,
sometimes two. The leaves which are
softly hairy on lower surface, are 2 to 6
inches long and up to one inch wide.
Some leaves are white with green
stripes and some are green with white
stripes.
The
foliage is plentiful and clusters at the
tips of culms and branches. It is an
ideal container plant.
A. viridi-striata, 3';. 25"; 0QF
This is a softly beautiful plant. The
leaves come out striped yellow and
chartreuse in spring with velvety
pubescence underneath and then turn
green by the end of summer. The leaves
bum in the sun and it can look scruffy
in winter.
Semiarundinaria
S.fatuosa , Narihira bamboo, 30’;
1.5"; -5QF
This is an outstanding plant for
urban gardens. Normally in Seattle it is
15 feet tall. The culms are upright with
little or no bending out at the top. Some
varieties are green-culmed; some have a
purple-red cast. The branches are short
and number more than three at each
node and will clothe the culm to the
ground unless shaded out. The leaves
are bigger and darker than
Phyllostachys, so the texture is heavier.
The corss-section of the culm is round
except for sa slight groove beginning
above the branches and ending before
the middle of the intemode. Culm
leaves are deciduous.
It can totally obscure an unwanted
view in a narrower space than any other
bamboo and do this without pruning.
Its cultural requirements are the same as
Phyllostachys.
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
Arundinaria Chino 'vaginata varieagata' with white striped leaves. In section "O"
at Woodland Park Zoo. photo: J oy Spurr
Sasa
The sasas are dwarf running
bamboos native to Japan. There are
many of them, but only two are
common to Seattle. The sasas are
usually under 6 feet tall and have no
more than one branch at a node. They
have proportionately large leaves and
the culms curve up from the base.
Culture
The sasas are understory plants in
Japan, but can grow well when the
forest canopy is cut down - in fact they
can make reforestation difficult. Plant
them in sun for a dense look or in the
shade for a leggy appearance.
Uses in the Landscape
As a genus the sasas have high
potential in the landscape industry
because they form a rapid, dense,
highly textured, pest-free groundcover.
Those that are 4 to 6 feet would be
outstanding highway plants because: 1)
they spread rapidly and suppress weeds;
2) their rhizomes mat into the perfect
erosion control devise; 3) they can stop
gradually a runaway car (as compared to
a tree or telephone pole); 4) they
recover from damage from an accident
easily by sprouting new culms from the
mass of rhizomes (as compared to the
average woody shrub); 5) they are pest-
free; and 6) if push came to shove,
livestock can graze on them.
The bold rugged leaves of the sasas
also look good in pots.
S.palmata , 12'; 5"; -5QF
This is the tallest of the sasas. It also
has the largests leaves which are up to
15 inches long by 2.5 inches wide and
are a rich dark green.
Sasa palmata is known in the Seattle
Japanese-American community as
'kuma zasa’ ( 'kuma' means big). It is a
desired plant not only for its massive,
rugged good looks, but because certain
sushi dishes are wrapped in its leaves.
It is a rampant spreader so put it in
a large pot or otherwise confine it if in a
Summer 1986 (49:2)
9
Shoot 0/ Phyllostachys nigra var. 'Henon'.
drawing by Sylvia Chesley Smith
city lot. Use it by a hot tub to achieve a
tropical look. In the country, plant it
along a stream for erosion control or
plant it outside a pasture. Whenever it
moves inside the pasture, your cow will
thank you.
S. veitchii, 5’; 1.25”; 0gF
This is a striking sasa because
when frost touches it in fall the margins
of its broad leaves die and turn the color
of parchment. It is an excellent accent
plant when placed to display the bold
texture.
Pseudosasa
P. japonica , Arrow Bamboo 18';
.75"; 0QF
Pseudosasa japonica has round
culms that are round in cross-section.
The Japanese use them for arrow shafts.
Sheath leaves are persistant. On new
culms the culm leaves are light tan and
cover three-fourths of the culm and
contrast handsomely with the more
mature dark green culms. As the culms
age, the culm leaves weather to grey and
become tattered.
Arrow bamboo has dark green
leaves that are darker and bigger than
those of Phyllostachys but smaller and
less textured than Sasa palmata.
P. japonica is less of a runner than the
Sasas, Arundinarias , and
Phyllostachys. Its clumps tend to be
very dense with culms jammed against
one another. Many plants in Seattle
have been flowering and look weedy
and awful as the culms die back for lack
of leaves.
Culture
Arrow bamboo has no particular
demands, but since it can look
anywhere from awful to great, it
makes sense to give it good soil and
plenty of water in hopes of acheiving a
healthy appearance. Its leaves will be
darker and look better if it is not
exposed to hot southwest sun.
Uses in the Landscape
Arrow bamboo is most frequently
use as an evergreen hedge. I consider it
superior to laurel which quickly
becomes too large. This bamboo is
naturally narrow and upright, unlike
laurel which is a beautiful but round-
headed, 40 foot tree.
Pseudosasa can be used to give a
tropical or "Japanese" effect. The most
attractive way to maintain it is to thin
out the old culms to the ground. This
way the grove is not a bushy mess and
the culms with tattered grey culm
leaves are removed. What is left is
fresh green leaves and green culms with
alternating patterns of light tan culm
leaves.
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
Photography Contest
The following black & white
photographs are the winners from a
recent photo contest held in honor of the
formal opening of the Visitor Center on
April 19th, 1986. Entry blanks and
posters were distributed all over the
Puget Sound area and drew nearly 400
color and/or black & white prints from
149 photographers. The most important
rule of the contest was that the photos
be taken in the Arboretum. There were
two catagories - color and black &
white. Five judges, Keith Graham, Don
Normark, Mary Randlett, Joseph
Scalea, and Joy Spurr chose the "best"
20% of those entered to be displayed at
the show and then voted for the
four prize winners in each of the color
and black & white catagories. On April
19th and 20th, 1,500 people viewed the
display and by their votes selected the
’’Peoples Choice" print in each catagory.
Only the black & white winners are
reproduced in this issue of the Bulletin.
The winners are as follows:
1st - Dennis Brooks, (Untitled),
page 13; 2nd - Philip Red Eagle,
"Woman in Tea Garden", page 12; 3rd -
Irene Sandoy, "Crocus", page 14-15;
4th - Irene Sandoy, "Dew Drops", this
page; and People's Choice - Allan
Durfy, "Bridge", front cover.
The members of the Arboretum
Foundation Executive Board and the
Fund Raising Committee would like to
thank Carl and Jean Crumb for their
countless volunteer hours spent in
organizing this very successful show.
Summer 1986 (49:2)
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
Summer 1986 (49:2)
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
Summer 1986 (49:2)
15
Understanding World Climate-
A Treasure Chest Unlocked
DR. CLEMENT HAMILTON
Dr. Hamilton is Assistant Professor of horticultural taxonomy
at the University of Washington's Center for Urban Horticulture.
Climatologists and biogeographers
have long sought an understanding of
the great variation in the earth's climate
and its influence on the ranges and
evolution of plants and animals. Such
understanding is also crucial to the
horticulturist who determines what plant
material is likely to thrive in a given
region. In horticulture we usually use
systems of zones, such as the U.S.D.A.
map or the Arnold Arboretum system,
based on average annual low
temperatures. A plant marginally hardy
in Arnold Zone 7 (average annual low
temperature between 5Q and 10- F), for
instance, is not a good bet for a location
in Zone 5, where it usually reaches -10Q
to -5Q F some time during the year.
These zone systems do not provide the
additional information we need to
determine whether or not a plant will
prove hardy in a given area, such as
duration of cold seasons, snow cover,
rainfall and diurnal and seasonal
fluctuations.
However, in the 1960's the German
biogeographer Heinrich Walter and his
colleagues developed a type of diagram
that contains much climate information
while remaining easy to interpret. In the
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UW Arboretum Bulletin
years 1960-67, he and Helmut Lieth
edited a great compendium,
Klimadiagramm-W eltatlas , an atlas of
diagrams from 8,000 stations around
the world classified into climate types
and outlined on individual regional
maps.
This is a tremendous source of
information that can help us answer in
detail such questions as: Why are some
plants from New Zealand perfectly
hardy here while others are not?; Where
does one go in Morocco to find plant
material likely to survive in the Pacific
Northwest?; and How should a garden
be planned so that species with like
requirements for temperature and water
are grouped together?
In this article I will present the
Walter climate diagram system and a
few examples of climate types around
the world. Future articles will build on
this as I focus on particular geographic
regions and their plants as represented
in the Washington Park Arboretum.
Seattle According to Walter
In order to explain how the diagrams
work, I will use the Seattle diagram,
number 360 on the North America map
(see Figure 1). The horizontal axis
(figure la) represents the months of the
year, January to December for stations
in the Northern Hemisphere and July to
June in the Southern Hemisphere (since
seasons are reversed). On the vertical
axis each division equals 10Q
Centigrade, for the temperature curve,
or 20 mm precipitation, for the rainfall
curve. (See insert page 21.) The
temperature curve (figure 1 a) tells us
what we all know- the average daily
temperature is highest in the summer
and lowest in the winter. The
precipitation curve (added in figure lb)
shows that we receive a great deal of
rain in the winter but much less in the
summer. The interaction of the two
curves tells us when we experience a
relatively humid season (vertical shading
in figure lc) and a relative drought
(dotted pattern). When the precipitation
goes above 100 mm per month, the area
under the curve is colored black and one
vertical mark above 100 mm equals 200,
not 20, mm.
The horizontal bars across the
bottom of the diagram (figure lc) tell us
what months the temperature usually
drops below 0- C at least once (diagonal
shading) and what months the average
daily minimum is below 0QC (solid
black; see figure 2, January in
Olympia). The numbers in the lower
left comer supplement these bars. The
top number, 2.3, is the mean daily
minimum of the coldest month, i.e., an
average January day sees a low
temperature of 2.3Q C. The lower
number tells us the coldest temperature
on record, -16.2QC.
The remaining numbers complete the
explanation. The number in parentheses
to the right of the station's name
indicates that Seattle's elevation (where
the data were taken) is 38 m above sea
Summer 1986 (49:2)
17
OLYMPIA (21m) 10,5 1301
level. The numbers below indicate that
the graph is based on 49 years of data
for temperature and 50 years for
precipitation. The numbers in the upper
right comer tell us annual means, i.e.,
the average temperature here is 10.2QC
and the average annual precipitation is
864 mm.
So, there is quite a bit of information
in that small, easily read diagram. The
usefulness of this system becomes
apparent when comparing locations,
such as Seattle (figure lc) with Olympia
(figure 2). Olympia has the same
general seasonal patterns as Seattle but it
receives much more total precipitation
(1301 versus 864 mm) and gets colder
in the winter (nine months, instead of
seven, drop below freezing and one
month, January, has a mean daily
minimum below freezing). Note,
however, that Olympia's average annual
temperature is 10.5- C, higher than
Seattle's 10.2 -C, suggesting that along
with colder winters, Olympia also has
hotter summers than Seattle — obvious
to anyone aware of the oceanic influence
on Seattle's climate versus the relatively
continental influence on that of
Olympia.
I hope the reader is now impressed
with how much easier it is to obtain
information from the chart than to pick it
out of a paragraph. The ease with
which in-depth climatic comparisons
may be made is the real selling point of
the Walter system. A word of caution is
in order here: the diagrams plot averages
and give little indication of variation and
extremes. Average annual precipitation
may be 864 mm, but some years fall
below that and other years exceed it; by
how much the diagram does not say.
Anyone familiar with Puget Sound's
tremendous regional climate diversity
also is asking, "Where in Seattle were
these data taken?". Even with 8,000
station around the world, each one
represents an extensive area that may
include much local microclimatic
differentiation.
World Climate Types
A brief survey of world climate
types illustrates further the use of the
diagrams and allows comparison of
various regions. The categories of
climate zone used here are those of
Walter as discussed in the atlas and in
his 1973 book, Vegetation of the Earth
in Relation to Climate and the
Ecophysiological Conditions. I should
mention here that many areas are
transitional zones between the following
categories and that the zonal
classification is a conceptual device. It
can be argued even that an entirely
different set of zones and their
characteristic factors would be more
appropriate for horticulturists. As will
become evident, the zone definitions are
based as much on qualitative patterns as
on strictly quantitative parameters.
Direct comparison of climate diagrams
is necessary in the end for basing
biogeographic conclusions and
arguments vis-a-vis relative plant
hardiness. Here, then, are the nine
basic climate zones of the Walter
system, with examples chosen from
North and Central America.
Zone I. Evergreen tropical rainforest ,
example: Puerto Cabezas, eastern
Nicaragua, figure 3. Temperature and
rainfall remain generally high
throughout the year. Seasonality of
rainfall may be present, but without a
pronounced dry season. The Amazon
basin, west equatorial Africa, and
18
UW Arboretum Bulletin
Indonesia are the largest expanses of
evergreen tropical rain forest.
PUERTO CABEZAS(13m)26,0 3293
— i > i « i « > t
Figure 3
Zone II. Tropical summer -rain zone ,
example: Monterrey, Mexico, figure 4.
This zone, which includes tropical and
subtropical deciduous forests and
savannas, differs from Zone I in having
marked seasonality of rainfall with the
dry season in winter. This zone is
found both north and south of Zone I in
South America, Africa, and Asia and
also western Central America and
Australia.
MONTERREY(538m) 21.8 715
Zone III. Subtropical deserts and
semidesert , example: Yuma, Arizona,
figure 5. As the example illustrates,
deserts experience drought condition
practically throughout the year and have
great seasonal (as well as diurnal)
differences of temperature. Not all
vegetational "deserts" are climatic
deserts. Southwest North America,
Pacific coastal South America, Saharan
Africa, and Southwest Africa are prime
examples around the world.
YUMA(45m) 22.4 98
(67-75)Ariz.
Figure 5
Zone IV. Sclerophyllous forests of
winter-rain regions , example:
San Francisco, California, figure 6 (next
page.) This zone, sometimes referred to
as having Mediterranean climate, is
characterized by winter rain and summer
drought. Seattle fits this zone with an
element of Zone VI, where the effect of
colder winters is evident. Sclerophylly
is the phenomenon of thick, often
smaller than average leaves. Five
Mediterranean regions are parts of
Pacific coastal North America, part of
the Chilean coast, the Mediterranean
itself, the tip of South Africa, and
southwestern Australia.
Zone V. Warm-temperate wet-
evergreen forest, example: Little Rock,
Arkansas, figure 7. This zone is
characterized as having less precipitation
in summer but no drought, and an
Summer 1986 (49:2)
19
SAN FRANCISC0(16m) 13.6 561
extreme cold season. These regions are
typically not large expanses, except for
southeastern China and southeastern
United States, and often are east coasts
at 30Q-40- latitudes (e.g. southeast
coastal Australia).
LITTLE ROCK(78m) 16,9 1204
Zone VI. Deciduous temperate forest,
example: Dayton, Ohio, figure 8. Very
cold winters and resultant deciduous
vegetation characterize this zone, which
is found in much of eastern North
America, northern Europe, and
northeastern China. Drought is not a
regular problem in these zones.
Zone VII. Winter-cold steppe and
desert , example: Yakima, Washington,
figure 9. Cold winters plus a significant
drought period, usually in summer,
characterize this zone. These conditions
are found across Central Asia and in the
Western Hemisphere in rain shadows of
DAYTON(305m) 11,2 893
Pacific coastal ranges and the Rockies.
This includes, of course, much of
eastern Washington.
YAKIMA(326m) 10,3 208
Zone VIII. Boreal coniferous zone ,
example: Edmonton, Canada, figure 10.
This zone picks up where conditions,
particularly temperature and length of
growing season, become too
unfavorable for deciduous angiosperms.
This zone stretches across the Northern
Hemisphere from approximately 50Q to
70- N latitudes.
EDMONTON(676m) 2,7 446
20
UW Arboretum Bulletin
Zone IX. Tundra , example: Shishmaref,
Alaska, figure 1 1 . Tundra is char-
acterized by temperatures lower yet than
thoese of Zone VIII, with at most two
months per year when temperatures do
not go below freezing. It encompasses
all of the arctic region plus the antarctic
islands and the tip of South America.
The preceding was a very general
SHISHtMAREF(4m) -6,6 177
(-11)
niiiillllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;^
199
Figure 11
survey of world climate variation and an
introduction to the Walter diagram
system, on which I will draw heavily in
future articles. As many have pointed
out, a thorough knowledge of native
ranges and habitats of plants is crucial
when determining how that plant is to be
maintained and where in the landscape it
should be placed.
Centigrade? Millimeters?
The Walter system, being
scientific and international, uses
the metric system for linear mea-
sure (precipitation) and the Celsius
(centigrade) scale for temperature.
For those of us steeped in our trad-
itional inches and Fahrenheit de-
grees, it helps to know a few tricks
for easy conversion. With a little
application, these new units become
part of one's "measurement
intuition".
Centimeters and millimeters
are easy. There are about 2.5
centimeters to an inch, 10 milli-
meters to a centimeter, and there-
fore 25 mm to an inch. Two inches
of rain is 50 mm. If your handspan
is 8 inches, that's about 200 mm. A
month with 100 mm of rain? That's
four inches.
Celsius, or centigrade,
temperature is not much more
difficult. The freezing point of
water is 09C (32Q Fahrenheit); the
boiling point is 100QC (2129F).
Celsius uses one hundred degrees
between freezing and boiling, while
Fahrenheit uses 180 (212 minus 32).
To go from F to C, first subtract 32
and then multiply by 5/9 (or just
over 1/2); 50-F minus 32 equals 18,
just over half of 18 is 10QC. To esti-
mate from C to F, first multiply by 9/5
(or just under 2) and then add 32;
20QC times just under 2 is about 38,
plus 32 is 70QF. Practice converting
any time you drive past a bank time
& temperature sign, and soon you
will have the feel for it. Also you
can keep in mind that 0QC = 32-F;
109C = 50QF (Seattle's average
temperature); 20QC =689F (a nice
day); and 309C =869F (a mid-
summer "heat wave").
Summer 1986 (49:2)
21
Report from the Director:
Plant Collections - The Heart
of the Arboretum
HAROLD B. TUKEY, JR.
Director of Arboreta
The main work in the Arboretum,
the plant collections, has been moving
forward during the planning and
construction of the Visitor Center.
Several grants totalling $145,000 were
awarded by the federal government's
Institute of Museum Services; Joyce
Brewster, Development Officer,
prepared our successful grant
proposals.
One grant supported a program of
tree conservation and care, the first the
Arboretum has had for many years.
Arborist Paul Wiltberger, assisted by
the Arboretum staff, removed trees
which were dead or were a serious
hazard to visitors. With great skill,
large and multistemmed trees were
felled without damage to the collections
beneath. We are pleased with his good
work. This program made such a great
improvement that John Hushagen, a
graduate student in Urban Horticulture,
was hired half-time as Arboretum
arborist. In total, 340 trees have been
worked on, which includes removal
of 150 that were diseased and
hazardous, and pruning and thinning
190 others. The results have been
impressive with much improved views,
more sun to understory plants (some of
which have never flowered), and more
attractive and healthier trees. If funds
can be found, we would like to add
permanently a position of staff arborist.
Monies donated by the Arboretum
Foundation Unit Council from plant
sales were matched by IMS funds to
pay for Arboretum staff who were
ground support for the arborists and
cleaned up wood and debris. The tree
program has been a major project for the
Arboretum, and we are pleased with the
results.
Another benefit to the Arboretum
from an IMS grant is the development
of interpretive materials, begun in 1985
by David Hancocks, and completed by
22
UW Arboretum Bulletin
Dr. Wott, Mrs. Brewster, Mr. Bobbitt
and Mrs. Pirzio-Biroli. A brochure,
"The Maples", was written by graduate
student Daniel Hinkley as part of his
M.S. thesis. The brochure, which is
for sale in the Gift Shop, describes
some of the most interesting of the
Arboretum's fine collection of maples
and helps guide visistors to the
individual plants. Trail markers have
been placed in the Arboretum to match
the brochure descriptions. Future
students will be encouraged to develop
similiar projects with other plants.
The new map of the Arboretum has
just arrived from the printer and is also
for sale at the Gift Shop. In two colors,
it is a great improvement over previous
maps both in information and format.
Colored enamel enlargements of the
map will be placed in several locations
in the Arboretum to give information
and direction to visitors.
New staff have been added in critical
positions. The Curator of Plant
Collections, Mr. Timothy Hohn, is
responsible for the curitorial staff and
will be part of the team which will
develop an overall plan for plant
collections. Mr. Hohn will act as a
plant materials information resource for
horticulturists in this area. This position
is partially supported by 5 -year pledges
from the Arboretum Foundation and the
Northwest Horticultural Society.
A temporary manager of the Visitor
Center, Mr. Eric Nelson, has been hired
to schedule activities, work with
volunteers, and assist the continuing
education program. Mr. Nelson will be
at the Visitor Center until the permanent
position can be advertised and
applicants interviewed. The Unit
Council supplied $12,000 in support of
this position and the Center for Urban
Horticulture added $3,000. Fees from
rentals in the Visitor Center will defray
future costs. This manager reports to
the Office of Continuing Education in
Urban Horticulture in order to
coordinate schedules between the
Visitor Center and Union Bay.
Guidelines for use of the Visitor Center
have been approved by the Arboretum
and Botanical Advisory Committee and
scheduling will begin as soon as the
contractor is finished with the building
and the surrounding site.
Mr. Van Bobbitt has returned to his
full time job after a "temporary" stint in
the Arboretum Visitor Center for over 2
years. He has responsibility for the
landscape maintenance industry series
and newsletter, and for public lectures.
His good work in the Arboretum is
appreciated.
Although the number of persons in
the curatorial and maintenance staff has
remained the same, the skills of the staff
have been upgraded by experience and
the addition of new people. Mr. Philip
Renfrow, Lead Horticulturist, has come
from Russo's Wholesale Nursery where
he was foreman for several years. Ms.
Barara Engler moved from the campus
gardening staff to the Arboretum as
Horticulturist II. Mr. Dean Powell,
who looks after the greenhouse, was
reclassified (promoted) to Plant
Technician II; Mr. David Zuckerman
and Mr. Robert Hilzinger were both
reclassified to Horticulturist II. Mrs.
Pirzio-Biroli, who has looked after the
curatorial functions of the Arboretum
since the passing of Mr. Witt, was
reclassified to Research/Extention
Program Assistant. Mr. Fred Mauch,
Horticulturist II, and Mr. Richard Hart,
Supervisor, bring many years of
Arboretum experience to their jobs.
Management development of the
plant collections, including the mature
plantings in the Arboretum and the new
plantings at Union Bay is our next major
objective. An overall master plan for
plant collections has never been
formalized since the orginial Olmsted
plans. We now have the management
team with the skills and interests to
develop such a plan, consisting of the
director, curator, landscape architect,
and faculty in taxonomy, enviromental
horticulture, and continuing education.
A statement of goals and objectives
for the Arboretum will be drawn up.
Together with the staff, we will develop
Summer 1986 (49:2)
23
policies of plant acquisition,
maintenance and personnel. Specific
projects of improvement and renovation
will be selected in cooperation with staff
from the City of Seattle Department of
Parks and Recreation. As an example,
some years ago, the camelia collection
was renovated. There are other groups
that merit similar attention, such as the
hollies, magnolias and plantings along
Azalea Way. Plantings around the
Visitor Center, including the arbor, and
the new plantings at Union Bay will be
developed as part of the total
collections. Once projects have been
identified we will work with the City
and others to secure funding.
There is curatorial work in bringing
our plant records up to date, verifying
names and locations of plants in
coorperation with the Hyde Herbarium
and computerization of plant records in
both outdoor collections and in the
nursery and greenhouse. Once
identification and verification is
accomplished, interpretation of the
collections will be emphasized.
The months and years ahead in the
Arboretum will be full of challenge and
excitement.
Eucyphia cordifolia .from A Garden Flora,
Trees and Flowers Grown in the Gardens at
Nymans. By L. Messel. 1890-1915.
Illustrated by Alfred Parsons.
24
UW Arboretum Bulletin
Book Reviews
Azaleas, by Fred C. Galle. Published
by Timber Press, Portland,
Oregon. 1985. Price $65.00.
Azalea specialists and gardeners in
general have long awaited a new or
updated version of Frederic P. Lee's
The Azalea Book , which was published
in 1958. More than 25 years later the
Timber Press has produced a
monumental volume by one of today's
most prominent azalea experts, Fred C.
Galle. Originally intended to update
Lee's book, the present work is actually
an entity in its own right, greatly
explanded and totally revised. There are
entire sentences which are almost
identical to those in Lee's book - this is
not mentioned in order to imply
plagerism; rather such repetition
indicates that, at one time, Mr. Galle
planned a revision. The necessity for
this approch was inherent in the recent
and ongoing revision of the genus
Rhododendron as well as the explosion
of new hybrids that have been
developed and named since the late
1950s. The net result stands on its
own. It is a magnificent work, highly
detailed and well illustrated with color
photographs and useful drawings.
The comprehensive listing and
description of species and cultivars
comprises the bulk of the text (pp. 59-
301 out of 486 pages) and is probably
that part which will be most valuable to
its users. However, many other
chapters and appendices have
considerable interest. The section on
taxonomy and nomenclature helps to
clarify changes in classification. The
chapter entitled "Azaleas - Plants,
Habits, Flowers and Leaves" makes
understandable to the reader some of the
characteristics which are typical of
azaleas, such as the color breaks that
occur in the flowers of certain taxa, the
standard descriptions of flower form
and color, and the variations pecular to
azalea leaves. The appendices are
equally valuable, although it should
have been made clear from the
beginning that "Azalea Introductions"
(Appendix B) lists the USDA and
National Arboretum introductions, and
the "List of Registered Azaleas"
(Appendix H) is limited to those
cultivars which have been registered
between 1958 and 1985, since the
earlier ones had previously been
published by the Royal Horticultural
Society. The headings should have
been more explicit.
It is this tendency to be less than
explicit which is one of the major
problems with the book as a whole. It
cannot be taken in hand and completely
understood from the beginning. Several
hours' browsing through the chapters,
appendices and indices will make it a
more usable tool. At least two problems
contribute to initial confusion. First, the
table of contents is a mere two pages
long and lists only major divisions, and
the subject index is equally scanty, thus
making it difficult to seek out the
information desired. In addition, the
headings at the top of each odd-
numbered page are equally general; they
would be more useful if, for example,
"Evergreen Azaleas" could have had a
subheading such as "Glenn Dale
Azaleas", "Gable Hybrids", etc. It is
through the two indexes, the
aforementioned subject index and the
"Index of Azaleas by Name" that one is
enabled to work backward to find one's
way around this enormous tome. The
latter index is broken down into four
sections: I. Azalea Sections and
Subseries (p. 447); II. Hybrid Groups
(pp. 447-449); III. Species (pp. 448-
449); and IV. Cultivars (450-484).
Thus, if one is interested in the Robin
Hill azaleas, one consults number II and
if one is looking for a given cultivar and
its relatives, one goes to number IV.
On first picking up the book, this
reviewer happened to find a discrepancy
in spelling between several entries for
Azalea 'Daviesii'; in two instances the
second "i" was omitted from the name.
During serious perusal of the book,
numerous similar errors became
Summer 1986 (49:2)
25
noticeable. In general they occur in
spelling of names but in at least one case
the photo captions are reversed (i.e.
plates 9 and 19). Furthermore, the
color photograph of R. periclymenoides
(plate 1 1 ) is upside down and that of
'Broughtonii Aureum' (plate 102) has a
white rather than a pale yellow corolla
(is it an error or merely a faded
photograph?). In addition to being
annoying, such problems cast a shadow
on the entire work even though the vast
majority of entries are certain to be
correct. It is unfortunate that such a
basically useful and important
publication could not have had the
proofreading and editorial input that it
deserved.
Nevertheless, this is a book that
anyone who is interested in azaleas
should acquire. No horticultural library
should be without it.
Jan Pirzio-Biroli
Manual of Cultivated Conifers, by
Gerd Krussmann, edited by Hans Dieter
Warda; 2nd revised edition. (Paul
Parey, Berlin and Hmaburg, 1983).
Translated into English by Michael Epp.
(Timber Press, Portland, Oregon,
1985). Price $65.00
The original author of this
monumental work, Dr. Gerd
Krussmann of Dortmund, West
Germany, died in 1980 before
completing the revised 2nd edition of
his Manual of Cultivated Conifers ,
originally published in 1972. The
revision was then resumed by
Professor Hans-Dieter Warda, Scientific
Director of the Hamburg Botanic
Garden. The English translator,
Michael Epp, has been a member of the
staff of Hillier's famous nurseries in
southern England and also worked in
the Botanical Garden at Dortmund,
West Germany, of which Dr.
Krussmann was formerly Director. The
technical editor for this translation was
Dr. Gilbert Daniels, formerly Director
of the Hunt Botanical Library of the
Carnegie Institute of Technology at
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, so that this
new production was in excellent hands.
Its magnitude may be estimated from
the number of pages (361),
photographic plates (160, with 1-4 per
page, and figures (225), which vary
from small drawings of seeds to
reproduced pressings of dried branches
to sketches of tree forms. A distribution
map, usually rather small in size, is
supplied for most genera except those
with only a single or very few
representatives.
Before reaching the alphabetically
arranged descriptions of species and
cultivars which make up the body of the
work we find hardiness zone maps for
Europe, the U.S.A. and southern
Canada, and for China; in each case
parallel figures in degrees C. and F. are
supplied. These are followed by a key
to abbreviations for illustrations in other
reference works (77 in number), usually
in the form of two or three capital
letters. Then a " Systematic Outline of
the Modem Gymnosperms" and a
"Summary of the Characteristics of
Gymnosperms Dealt with in this Book
(Orders, Families, Genera)". The Order
Gnetales is included, but only the
Family Ephedraceae is described in the
text.
Pages 27 to 326 are filled with
descriptions and illustrations of the
plants covered, beginning with Abies
and ending with Widdringtonia , some
56 genera in all. Taking the former as
an example of the treatment of each, we
find first an outline of the genus and its
various species (about 40 in this case),
grouped into subgenera and sections,
followed by a table showing the
characteristics of their shooots, buds
and leaves. The same is also provided
for the spruces (genus Picea) and the
hemlocks ( Tsuga ), but not for the pines.
Then a full description of the tree's
botanical characters, the country or
coutries where it is native, and
references to illustrations in the present
and other works are supplied. If the
plant has botanical varieties or cultivars
these follow in alphabetical order.
26
UW Arboretum Bulletin
Descriptions of botanical varieties are
extensive, those of cultivars are usually
brief but generally include the name of
the originator and the date and place of
origin, which are always useful facts.
For illustrations, in Abies there are
48 monochrome plates, of which ten
were taken in the wild state; two range
maps; three drawings of the leaves of
European, Asiatic and American
species, and four showing cones. With
such information available it should
now become much easier to identify
individual specimens with reasonable
certainty. Hybrids are also included.
At the end of chapter is a bibliography
listing the chief articles or monographs
on the genus, which can provide further
reading on particular groups or species.
In the genera Chamaecyparis ,
Cryptomeria , Cupressus , Juniperus ,
Taxus and Thuja many of the
illustrations are of pressed branches, to
show differences between the cultivars.
These can be very helpful, if taken in
conjunction with the descriptions.
An unusual feature of this work is a
table of botanical terms in five
languages; English, Latin, German,
French and Dutch, covering more than
seven pages. This is followed by an
extensive "Outline of Botanical Terms
and their Meanings", describing the
various parts of a tree from its habit of
growth to its leaves, flowers and seeds.
A "Key to Coniferous Genera", by
Professor F. H. Meyer, lists the
numbers of genera (56), species (607)
and forms and cultivars (2,075)
described in this very comprehensive
and up-to-date work. There is also an
"Index to Invalid Plant Names" as well
as an index of "Common Names"
arranged under genera. In addition is a
listing of the "More Prominent Conifer
Collections", chiefly in Europe, as
might be expected in a German work.
On this continent only two in Canada
are mentioned, at Ottawa and Montreal.
In the United States the Arnold
Arboretum, Morton Arboretum,
National Arboretum at Washington,
D.C., the New York Botanical Garden,
Parks at Rochester, New York, and the
Strybing Arboretum in San Francisco
are included. This list might well have
been somewhat extended, at least to
include the notable collection of pines in
the charge of the U. S. Forest Service at
Placerville, California, the Hoyt
Arboretum in Portland, Oregon and our
own Washington Park Arboretum, with
its extensive collections of all kinds of
conifers.
It will be evident that this is a most
valuable and authoritative work on the
cultivated conifers grown in temperate
and warm temperate regions of the
world, and as such should be in every
horticultural and botanical library, for
frequent reference and consultation.
Brian O. Mulligan
Dr. Roland Pinkham
Dr. Roland Pinkham, 1st vice-president of the Arboretum Foundation, died April 26
at the age of 74. Although he continued his leadership role in the medical
community following retirement from a distinguished career as thoracic surgeon, he
found time to devote his considerable talents to the causes and activities of the
Arboretum and the Foundation. He is survived by his wife, Mary, a long-time
supporter of the Foundation and currently an active director, and by two sons and a
daughter.
Summer 1986 (49:2)
27
KVR'/aa^
Dedicated to *
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WELLS-MEDINA I Nursery
8300 N.E. 24th St., Bellevue 454-1853
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7 doys, 9:30 to 6
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13625 NE 175th in Woodinville
Phone: 483-5000
(from Bellevue: 454-1951)
European “
plant basket from
Molbak’s Flower Shop
MICHEAL MOSHIER LANDSCAPING
'"alv - — -
• .. 4V.U V'&l' utU.^
2455 E. LK. WASHINGTON BLVD.
SEATTLE, WA. 98112
DESIGN AND
INSTALLATION OF
NEW GARDENS
RENOVATION OF
EXISTING GARDENS
STATE CONT. REG. NO. MICHELML159PB
322-1318
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INGRID’S GARDENS
ORNAMENTAL PRUNING
INSTALLATIONS
COMMERCIAL & PRIVATE MAINTENANCE
329-3739
UW Arboretum Bulletin
NORTHWEST LAND DESIGN
MARTIN E. WALTERS , R.B.G. CERT.
523-7911
SEATTLE
Tree Estimates S-’ Te^ievJ oj Portfolio
DESIGN/INSTALLATION/CONSULTATION
Sprinkler Systems • Lawns, Planting Beds
• Decks, Patios, Fences • Ponds, Waterfalls
• Rock Work • New/Renovation
* State Contr. Reg. No. NorthLD169Jl
drained at the fRoyal Botanic Qardens , Kert
GET A HEADSTART ON HARVEST
AVAILABLE AT:
BERT’S IGA
SKY NURSERY
SUNSET NURSERY
MADISON PARK HARDWARE
PUGET CONSUMER’S CO-OP
EDMONDS GARDEN CENTER
CHUBBY & TUBBY
CITY PEOPLE’S MERCANTILE
KIMURA NURSERY
PLANTJOY OF WASHINGTON (206) 322-0817
GOSSLER FARMS NURSER Y
SPEC I A SIZING IN MA G NO LIAS AND COMPANION PLANTS
1200 WEAVER ROAD
SPRINGFIELD , OREGON 974 77
Including Stewartia, Styrax, Acer, Davidia, et cetera
Many new and unusual plants
Visitors welcome by appointment
CATALOG 50* PHONE (503) 746-3922
Comus x dubia , flowering in Arboretum border north ofE. Lynn Street Bridge.
Photo: Brian O. Mulligan
Published by the
Arboretum Foundation
University of Washington Arboretum XD-10
Seattle, Washington 98195
LAVEA ^pT0Zr
7740 44th AVE
SEATTLE/
NE
98115
NON-PROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE PAID
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
Permit No. 126
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
Time Value Mail — Please Expedite
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